Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe - 1622 Words

Okonkwo. Mr.Brown. These two men are drastically different from one another. But it is only 2 things in this whole wide world that separate them. In the novel, Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the fundamental differences between Okonkwo and Mr. Brown’s core beliefs as to how society should run derives from they’re interpretations of moral religious requirements and culturally accepted or rejected actions when it comes to economy, women’s rights, as well as war and military. That glaring line between their beliefs on those issues is materialism and how present materialism is in their respective religions and cultures. In Okonkwo’s culture, to be accepted, money is almost the only thing you need. The only thing more important to a man’s†¦show more content†¦To Mr.Brown’s culture, if all you care about is money, you aren’t going to be accepted often. You will be viewed as selfish, greedy and not many people will generally like you. Money is freedom in his culture, as you can do more enjoyable and expensive events with that money. But he knows that money is valueless when you die. Either you go to Heaven or Hell in his beliefs, and money is useless in both places. Therefore, an economy is clearly important to have, since probably anarchy would ensue without a stable economy system, but some people take it too seriously. Money isn’t everything in his culture. And family, memories and being a Christ following person is what really matters, not money. Those things you can’t drop on your foot, therefore materialism is viewed as evil in his society, sinc e needing tangible things is frowned upon in his society. He knows some people don’t get that, but the overall cultural beliefs are that money isn’t all to live for. In spite of Okonkwo’s beliefs on the extreme importance of money, Mr.Brown’s culture believes money is valueless when you die and isn’t the only thing to live for. In conclusion, materialism, as what someone has is how much one is worth, is viewed as highly acceptable in Umofia, while Mr.Brown believes that materials do not make a man and it’s who that person is inside is what matters. In Okonkwo’s beliefs, men are supreme and are just better than women derives from

Critiques of Faulkner’s Sound and Fury Essay - 870 Words

Critiques of Faulkner’s Sound and Fury After reading through a large chunk of criticism, it seems clear to me how David Minter, editor of our edition, hopes to direct the readers’ attentions. I was rather dumbstruck by the number of essays included in the criticism of this edition that felt compelled to discuss Faulkner and the writing of The Sound and the Fury seemingly more than to discuss the text itself. Upon going back over the essay, I realized that Minter’s own contribution, â€Å"Faulkner, Childhood, and the Making of The Sound and the Fury,† is a prime example of such â€Å"criticism of the text† that focuses on the author, his creation of the text as a process, and the author’s self-professed opinions of the text. I have a number of†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, Andre Bleikasten’s â€Å"The Quest for Eurydice† devotes a sizeable portion of its time to discussing these very issues I grew weary of. But once you get past this, I found Bleikastenâ€℠¢s essay rather interesting. Admittedly, the essay struck me mostly because it discusses a number of ideas and theoretical approaches I am currently entrenched in for another seminar that focuses on hauntings and phenomenality. On page 422, he says â€Å"these curious children, confronted with the mysteries of sex and death, are the fictive delegates of that supreme voyeur who is none other than the novelist. He too wants to see and know. Just as we, his readers, do.† In effect, Bleikasten creates a chain of voyeurism, for as the Compson sons look up and watch their sister in the tree, Faulkner watches the sons, and the reader watches along with Faulkner, so that we are watching the watched watcher. Then Bleikasten moves on to a discussion of Caddy, whom he calls â€Å"a blank counter, an empty signifier, a name in itself devoid of meaning and thus apt to receive any meaning† (423). In this manner, Faulkner designifies the signifier, which becomes nothing more than letters on a page. 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Common Wealth Bank of Australia †Free Sample Analysis Report

Questions: 1.Stakeholder Analysis of Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CWBA).2. Legislation that impact on the CWBA.3. Resources allocated by the CWBA.4. Who is responsible CWBA design and development.5. Attitude test impact the organizations.6. Positive and negative feedback on team settings.7. Difference between the group of people and team.8. Responsibility and accountability impact on the workers roles.9. Impact of responsibility and accountability.10. Skills that a team member needs to use? Answers: 1. Stakeholder Analysis of Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CWBA) Commonwealth bank of Australia is one of the multinational banks that have more than 18 branches across UK, Australia, USA, New Zealand, Fiji and Asia. Bank has established themselves in the year 1991 as public company and has currently more than 44335 employees globally (Commbank.com.au, 2015). The CWBA is known for selling variety of customer products starting from insurance, retail banking, investment banking, Private equity to credits cards , etc. common wealth bank of Australia has been one of the largest listed company in Australia securities exchange (Adair, 2010). Company has various stakeholders internal and external both. Figure 1: Stakeholders of CWBA (Source: Allen, 2009, pp-234) Internal stakeholders Chairman and Board of directors: Currently the Chairman of the commonwealth banks is Mr. David Turner and the CEO of the company is Mr. Ian Narev (Commbank.com.au, 2015). One of the major role played by the chairman, CEO and board of director make important decision making. These people makes all of the important decision and strategies to reach out t the large customer base. For instance, opening of bank in USA and introducing the Global wealth management structure was one of the major decision making that has introduced by the bank as per the decision made by the upper hierarchy within the CWBA (Bel, 2010). Employees: Other major stakeholders are employees without which the decision making cannot be successful are employees. Only making of strategies and planning will not helps the commonwealth bank rather for implementation of planning needs human resources (Augier and Teece, 2009). The plan actually gets successful if the employees are performing as per the planned. These people helps the banks to achieve the planning and strategy into reality. External Customers: CBA has more than 2.5 million customers all around the globe. Company make and customized their financial products to suit the retail customers, private firms and for public companies (Zehir and Erdogan, 2011). Company designed the products as per the customer demand and tries to satisfy the variety of customers needs from banking to credit card to mutual funds etc. Government and Regulators: Regulators make the several norms and policies to perform banking operations. Some of the major regulators that impact of the CWBA are APRA and ASIC. Regulators protected the interest of shareholders (Yan, 2011). Government are keen interested in company financial statements and tax payments of the company. 2. Legislation that impact on the CWBA Some of the major legislation or acts that impact the common wealth bank or any of financial services company are given below: Banking act 1959: The banking act 1959 is been reformed and came into the force on July 2014. This law very much has given the license to only few financial services to operate banking facilities in Australia (Walumbwa et al. 2011). The banking act 1959 has set norms like variety of services offered by the several banking houses of Australia and limited some of them with only retail and mutual fund banking. Some of the major banks of Australia are Westpac bank, Common wealth bank , ANZ banking group and National Australia bank. Banking act 1959 aslo has given licensed to foreign to operate in Australia (Vecchio et al. 2008). Common wealth banks is been one of the major pillar of the Australian banking Industry. Common wealth bank recently has been rank by the Bloomberg as the Riskless return banking with lowest amount of risk by just 17.09%. Australian banking regulations ahs been regulated by the Australian Prudential regulation authority (APRA) whose major motto is supervise the Authorized the depositary that consist of the banks, micro credit companies, financial services companies along with credit card schemes. Some of the other banking industry who are not registered under the APRA are must be licensed under the Corporation act 2001 as per the common wealth legislation law (Steers et al. 2004). This would be totally dependent on the activities done by the financial services companies. Apart from that, there is ASIC (Australian securities and Investment Commissions) who are responsible protecting the market and consumers by checking their financial and give graduation to the shares valuations. The ADI (Authorized deposit taking institution) 13A (2) act presumes that every advance and loans given to the client must be approved from the APRA 1998 act (Niemes, 2002). Banks in Australia are very much performing sustainable under the law of Anti Money laundering and counter Terrorism financing act 2006 that helps the company to prevent to use less risk based method and report the compliance programme too AUSTRAC on the subject of suspicion of the transactions (Mulnix, 2013). 3. Resources allocated by the CWBA In order to improve the financial and human resources , CWBA are using the various types of the strategy and policy within then financial institution to overcome the issues (Kim and Brymer, 2011). As the Commonwealth bank has more than 44,000 customer base who are being managed by the various HRM polices like 360 degree and peer review. Among them more than 2000 workers are very much engage in the development of community and environments. Company spend more than AUD $ 2 million every in CSR activities and in sustainability (Commbank.com.au, 2015). CSR report : Spending of the Commonwealth bank in Australia are given below : 2013 Spending of CWBA Amount % Students scholarship 36% Carbon reduction target 20% Participation in the primary schools 24% Donations and charity 20% Graph1: CWBA spending on CSR (Source: Gardner and Cogliser, 2009,pp-494) Company is monitoring and examining its development towards the sustainability and charity via CSR report. The total spending as per the CSR report of the 2013 was more than 2.2 million. Around 284834 are has receive the scholarship which is shows company is constantly keeping its track of financial investment in the Colleges and schools (Commbank.com.au, 2015). CSR report of the common wealth banks has shows that, company has able to reduce the more than 20% of carbon footprint since 2009 (Ellebracht et al. 2009). CWB has been one its banking operations 7 days and 24 hours. More than 2000 manpower and 2.2 million of investment has been done by the CWB in order to monitor on its investment. According the CSR report, the company spends its funds in various others activities: Other income of CWB Total amount spend % Salaries 5.1% Expenses 4.5% Loan impairment 1.1% Tax paid 3% Retained capital 2% Dividends 5.8% Graph 1: Total amount spend in CWBA% (Source: Eli et al. 2012, pp-290) Apart from that, company has spend more than 200 health charity organizations which creates positive impact via investment in health and well being of youth in Australia. Company has been one of the esteem member of the Red cross society and WHO (De Hoogh et al. 2008). Sustainability report: Besides CSR report , company also check its financial and manpower resources via making sustainability report. Company has one of the major sponsors of Clean up Australia (Sims and Quatro, 2008). Each year banks employees volunteer to be the part by spending more than 25 million hours in removing the garbage and waste materials from the Australia. Company has also been part of the Greater barrier reef foundations. 4. Who is responsible CWBA design and development Sustainability and community initiatives department: The entire environmental design and development are being held by the Commonwealth bank and sustainability and community initiatives department (Rush, 2011). This department is being responsible for the monitoring the actual spending and conduct several programmes in order to increase the sustainability within the organizations. This report shows that, department of sustainability and community initiatives are being part of the sustainability strategic framework that helps the organizations to manage and control its sustainability strategy successfully (Rollison, 2008). In order to create long term value for the customers and people including Shareholder Company spends most of its funding to the betterment of the wider community. The department makes the financial statement and auditing is been conducted in order to assess the total expenditure in the foundation, charity and the reducing the carbon foot print (Davis, 2011). Department of Internal environmental audit: Apart from that, commonwealth banks is also has separate duties department called as Internal environmental audit where the team is very much focus and make is pricing videos like Australian of the year and Centre of social impact (Dale, 2007). The team conducts survey and makes the evidence of spending by taking pictures an video of the spending in order to support the sustainability initiatives. Moreover, company has given more than AUD $ 10000 scholarship is used to help the students to pay their college fees. These team design the spending and divides the team to identify whether the actual spending is been happing in right place or not (Cooper and Robertson, 2009). The team collects the bills of spending, money certification to colleges, grants given to the community certificate and other spending certificate in order to manage the future spending. 5. Attitude test impact the organizations Attitude testing is one of the major way of handling the future conflicts which will be raised within the business environment. Attitude testing Within the Common wealth banking system most of attitude testing is done while Pre employment programme of the company (Conger and Riggio, 2012). Pre employment programme comprise of various programmes which indicates the nature of the employees towards their work and their values. Pre employment Test: One of the major key challenges for the recruiter and selectors within the international companies to identify the true capabilities of the employees apart from their qualifications (Charnan, 2008). Some times company may find the perfect or right candidates for the right job but the attitude of the employees is very alienating and introvert that can make problems in future for the companies sin coming years. CWBA has introduces the pre employment test which is to answer some of the major question to identify whether the qualified guy is team player or the lone wolf (Burkholder, 2009). During the time of selection of the employee are been tested via answering few question on leadership from the honey and Mumford or belibin approach to identify to acknowledge the employees attitude towards their work and their team. CWBA uses various honey Mumford way form of leadership which will helps to avoid the social desirability of the various indirect measures of attitudes that will help the selected employees to avoid the unambiguous nature of their towards their works (Brooks, 2009). There are some of the major techniques which leads to reveal the informations of the employees behaviour towards their organizations which are used by the common wealth banks during the time of the selection are given below : Evaluation: Evaluation is based on the positive and negative attitude of the employees. Evaluation van be based on the clean, transparent, bureaucrats or ugly and or judgmental. The evaluation phase the company uses Honey and Mumford questionnaire set of questionnaire has helped the HRM of CWBA to analyse the nature of the employees during the selection programme (Bogardus, 2009). Potency: Another major criteria is potency of the individuals which is based on the active or passive. Apart from that, other major behvaiour would be based on the cruel, kind and strong or weak. This approach is been used via belbin learning style and with johari window set of questionnaire (Bass, 2010). Activity: lastly companies organizes the team formation and give topic or activities to work on . Similarly, company checks the one group cohesiveness and group performance rather than individual intelligence. 6. Positive and negative feedback on team settings While considering the feedback on team settings some of the major recommended and non recommended for of feedback techniques must be considered. Non required while giving feedback Recommended feedback Creating allegations and ill-mannered atmosphere Open forum and respectful environment Biased towards candidates Non partial feelings towards any of the candidates Being judgmental Being non judgmental Detail on the body language Focusing on the attitudes Basing the feedback on rumor Feedback based on the truth and facts Feedback based on generalizations Specific form of feedback on interview Feedback based on unintended goals Goal oriented feedback CWBA uses connect model of feedback which is also communications process which allows the candidates to show their excitement, conflicts and enthusiasm towards their work or the team (Barrett and Mayson, 2008). The Connect model helps the CWAG has been used for the positive and negative form of feedback. C= C here means to commit to the relationship. The feedback must be based on the relationship of the team members (Barrett and Mayson, 2008). O=Optimize safety is another task which helps the HR manager of the CBA to know the performance of the employee. N=Narrowing the down the decision making of the feedback rather than giving lectures (Allen, 2009). N= Neutralize in the feedback style by making decision which fair, unbiased and the impartial. E=Explaining the perspective of each decision making and giving the feedback on that basis. C=Feedback must also must be on the behavior of the employees on only on the basis of qualifications. T=Tracking the information and looking for real copies to check back the whether the qualifications are real or not (Adair, 2010). While giving the feedback whether it is positive then : Gather the evidence The evidence must be based on the fats and truth. The major objective of the positive feedback is to bring the something that can creates positive attitudes (Bogardus, 2009). Focus on the behavior: One of the major focus is to analyse the behavior of the organizations which may lead to identify the nature of the employees. Lastly understanding the wider picture rather than looking for narrow escape which could creates problems for the company in future or rather goes against the company. Examples of negative and positive feedback for instance: Interviewer: Why do you left your old company? Answer: I felt the company because of the low salary and poor working environment. Besides that, problems with peers and colleagues have changes my decision making. These types of answer lead to understand threat candidate is not a team player. So while giving the feedback : I am very sorry for previous experience with company. It shows that you are very lone would and team player. Please work on your behavior and come next time 7. Difference between the group of people and team Common wealth banks have various teams within each department and also group of people who are performing their duties. Some of the major groups of people are being working in the workplace are given below: Group of professionals: In a contemporary corporate world, companies gives more stress in team building rather than forming a group. Group can be easily formed in compare to the team. Group within organisations can be based on the professionals accountant, genders, expertise and age or other major factors (Brooks, 2009). Forming group based on the various factors is not much difficulty faced by the leaders. In fact, it is one of the easier process but the efficiency of the group can be variables which why it is often predicted as the vague form of people. Group of the people can having various personality and various goals which will make very difficult for the leaders to build consensus (Bogardus, 2009). The perspective of the group of employees can be very much friendly or intolerance. Group of people within the CWBA are formed as per the age, experience or the set of gender of the existing employees. Groups are generally formed as for the unprofessional works. Team works: On the other hand, team building processes is very much difficult and is based on the long term goals of the company. Since CWBA has different departments, for each department, company has form a team as per their skills, expertise and as per their qualification in the specific area (Bass, 2010). In order to build a team every department within the CWBA leaders has to go through various stages which includes, forming, norming, storming and performing stage. Apart from that, every team works as per the goals such as business team includes, accountants, sales team, operation team. Thus each one of the team member has their own set of work and purpose which actually helps the organization to gain the overall success. Team has low amount of conflicts in compare to the group members (Cooper and Robertson, 2009). 8. Responsibility and accountability impact on the workers roles Responsibility creates accountability within the workers. With the help of define roles and responsibilities, company would be able reach its objectives and may achieve its goals (De Hoogh et al. 2008). Responsibilities given to the team or an individual worker gives them enough scope for performance of the works done by them. These chosen employees would be are very much accountable for such response. Set of responsibility given to the team within the CWBA are given below : Team Responsibilities Accountability Accountants Responsible for cash receiving and cash paying to customers. Managing the balance of tad payables and trade payables These people are accountable for any misplace of the cash receipt or cash payments. These members can be asked the question of misbalance of cash. HRM Hiring and training the employees as per the job specification of the company Held for the wrong set of candidate within the banking operations Techies Responsible for technological changes or default in any technology. Very much accountable for failure in computer system, internet or the SAP process Sales team Responsible for selling the mutual fund, equity and creating the customer base. Accountable for the increasing the customer base for the various investment portfolio sold by the bank. 9. Impact of responsibility and accountability: Decrease the burden of leaders: With the help of responsibility and accountability, leaders will help to boost the employees morale which will help to gain the confidence of the employees. Besides that, leaders will have only to follow up on the results (Eli et al. 2012). In this case manager of each department will be held responsibilities for his/her team performance within the banking which will gain decrease or rather reduce the burden of the employees. Increase the confidence of employees: With set of responsibilities and higher roles give the employees to perform much better as because He/She believes that banks is very much relying on his skills. Employees will be answering his/her team manager who will helps them to perform better and increase their position within the team (Ellebracht et al. 2009). For instance , Board of directors ask the each departments manager for the reason of failure of achieving the goal and praising foor their achievement. 9. Behvaiour needed at the work situations Work place aggression is very much comprises of wide range of the behaviors which starts from the coercions or verbal action. Aggression at workplace is related to the counterproductive work behvaiour and is very much suggest ht that physical harassments or emotional harming of the employees (Gardner and Cogliser, 2009). As per the research conducted by the magazines, workplace aggression leads to harm the colleagues or the former workers or existing employees. With various range of the behaviors that has been considered as the aggressiveness within the CWBA such as: Appearance of animosity: Some of the major behavior within the business environment which leads to foul mouth or verbal fighting. It also may be also in the form of symbol (Kellett et al. 2002). Obstructions: Here the manager are being watching the employees for not performing their job and or not able to finish their objectives. Clear violent behavior: At this stage, employees act violently and take violent actions. Distrust within the organization leads to failure of achieving the goals. Distrust comes out of the unethical behavior from the employees such theft or felony or selling of important information of the organization leads to distrust (Kim and Brymer, 2011). 10. Skills that a team member needs to use: Refer to PPT Reference List Books Adair, J. (2010) Strategic Leadership: How to Think and Plan Strategically and Provide Direction. 5th ed. London: Kogan Page. Allen, D. (2009) Leadership and Teamwork Essays. 6th ed. London: McGraw-Hill Education. Barrett, R and Mayson, S. (2008) The founding fathers on leadership. 4th ed. London: McGra-Hill Higher Education. Bass, B. (2010) The Bass handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications. New York, NY: Simon Schuster. Bogardus, A., (2009). Leadership and Teamwork. 4th ed. London: Kogan Page Limited Brooks, I. (2009) Organizational behaviour. Individuals, group and organization, London: Pearson education Burkholder, N. (2009) Advice and perspectives from HR leaders. 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. Charnan, R., (2008). Leader at All Levels Deverlopment. 4th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons Inc. Conger, J. A. and Riggio, R. E. (2012) The Practice of Leadership: Developing the Next Generation of Leaders, 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. Cooper, D: Robertson, I., (2009). Recruitment and selection: a framework for success. 4th ed. London: Kogan Page Limited Dale, M., (2007). Manager's guide to recruitment and selection. 4th ed. New York: Nova Publication. Davis, A. (2011) Leadership, Teamwork and Trust. 3rd ed. New York: Harper Collins. Rollison, D. (2008) Organisational behaviour and Analysis: An integrated Approach. 4th ed. London: Pearson Education Rush, S. (2011) The Leadership in Action Series: On Strategic Leadership, 4th ed. Germany: Grin Verlag. Ryan, R., (2007). Leadership Devolopment. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons. Sims, R., and Quatro, S., (2008). Leadership: succeeding in the private and public. 5th Edition. Nick Hern Books: Highland. Journals De Hoogh, A. H. B., and Den Hartog, D. N. (2008). Ethical and despotic leadership, relationships with leaders social responsibility, top management team effectiveness and subordinates' optimism: A multi-method study. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), 297311 Eli, M., Ã… ¾ener, ., Aksoy, S., and Alpkan, L. (2012). The Impact of Ethical Leadership and Leadership Effectiveness on Employees Turnover Intention: The Mediating Role of Work Related Stress. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 289297 Ellebracht, H., Lenz, G., and Osterhold, G. (2009). Coaching und LeadershipKonzepte fr Entwicklung, Wandel und Fhrung. Systemische Organisations-und Unternehmensberatung, 273306. Gardner, W. L., and Cogliser, C. C. (2009) Meso-modeling of leadership: Following James G.(Jerry) Hunts lead in integrating micro-and macro-perspectives of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(4), 493500 Kellett, J. B., Humphrey, R. H., and Sleeth, R. G. (2002). Empathy and complex task performance: Two routes to leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(5), 523544. Kim, W. G., Brymer, R. A. (2011). The effects of ethical leadership on manager job satisfaction, commitment, behavioral outcomes, and firm performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(4), 10201026. Mulnix, M. W. (2013) Small Business Entrepreneurship: Utilizing Open Systems Structure to Gain Global Market Share, Journal of Leadership and Organizational Effectiveness, 1(1), 3-49 Niemes, J. (2002). Discovering the value of executive coaching as a business transformation tool. Journal of Organizational Excellence, 21(4), 6169. Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., and Shapiro, D. L. (2004). the Future of Work Motivation Theory. Academy of Management Review, 29(3), 379387 Vecchio, R. P., Justin, J. E., and Pearce, C. L. (2008). The utility of transactional and transformational leadership for predicting performance and satisfaction within a path  goal theory framework. 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(2010), Leadership and Innovation: Learning from the best, Global Business Organisational Excellence [online], 29, 2, pp.47-60 Websites Commbank.com.au, (2015). Personal banking including accounts, credit cards and home loans - CommBank. [online] Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au/ [Accessed 9 Mar. 2015]. Commbank.com.au, (2015). Sustainability Reporting 2014 - Commonwealth Bank. [online] Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au/sustainability2014/index.html [Accessed 9 Mar. 2015].

Rob Lee Essays - Fitzhugh Family Of Virginia,

Rob Lee Robert E. = Lee They say you had to see him to believe that a man so fine = could exist.=20 He was handsome. He was clever. He was brave. He was gentle. He = was=20 generous and charming, noble and modest, admired and beloved. He had = never=20 failed at anything in his upright soldier's life. He was born a winner, = this=20 Robert E. Lee. Except for once. In the greatest contest of his life, = in a=20 war between the South and the North, Robert E. Lee lost (Redmond). = Through=20 his life, Robert E. Lee would prove to be always noble, always a = gentleman,=20 and always capable of overcoming the challenge lying before him. = Robert Edward Lee was born on January 19, 1807 (Compton's). He = was=20 born into one of Virginia's most respected families. The Lee family = had=20 moved to America during the mid 1600's. Some genealogist can trace the = Lee's=20 roots back to William the Conqueror. Two members of the Lee family = had signed=20 the Declaration of Independence, Richard Lee and Francis Lightfoot. = Charles=20 Lee had served as attorney General under the Washington = administration=20 while Richard Bland Lee, had become one of Virginia's leading=20 Federalists. Needless to say, the Lees were an American Political dynasty = (Nash=20 242). Lee's father was General Henry Light-Horse Harry Lee. He had = been=20 a heroic cavalry leader in the American Revolution. He married = his=20 cousin Matilda. They had four children, but Matilda died in 1790. On = her death=20 bed she added insult to injury upon Henry Lee by leaving her estate = to=20 her children. She feared Henry would squander the family fortune. = He was=20 well known for poor investments and schemes that had depleted his = own=20 family's fortune (Connelly 5). Henry Lee solved his financial problems by marrying Robert's = mother=20 Anne Carter, daughter of one of Virginia's wealthiest men (Nash = 242). Henry=20 Lee eventually spent his family into debt. Their stately mansion,=20 Stratford Hall, was turned over to Robert's half brother. Anne Lee moved = with=20 her children to a simple brick house in Alexandria. Light Horse = Harry=20 was seldom around. Finally, in 1813 he moved to the West Indies. = His=20 self-exile became permanent, and he was never seen again by his family=20 (Thomas). Young Robert had other family problems. His mother became very = ill. At=20 the age of twelve he had to shoulder the load of not only being the = family's provider, but also his mother's nurse. When time came for = Robert to=20 attend college, it was obvious his mother could not support him = financially.=20 She was already supporting his older brother at Harvard and three = other children in school. In 1824 he accepted an appointment to the = United=20 States Military Academy. During his time at West Point Lee = distinguished=20 himself as a soldier and a student. Lee graduated with honors in 1829 = (Nash=20 245). His graduation was dampened by a call to the bedside of his = ailing=20 mother. When he arrived home he found his fifty-four year old mother = close=20 to death. A death caused by struggles and illnesses of her = difficult=20 life. Robert was always close to his mother. He again attended to her = needs=20 until her death. On July 10, 1829, Anne Lee died with Robert, her = closest=20 son, at her side. Forty years later Robert would stand in the same room = and=20 say, It seems but yesterday that his beloved mother died (Connelly = 6). While awaiting his first assignment, Lee frequently visited = Arlington,=20 the estate of George Washington Parke Custis. Custis was the = grandson of=20 Martha Washington and the adopted son of George Washington. After = Martha's=20 death Custis left Mount Vernon and used his inheritance to build = Arlington=20 in 1778. Arlington was set on a hill over looking the Potomac = river=20 and Washington D.C. (NPS Arlington House). Custis had only one = daughter,=20 Mary Anna Randolph. Mary had been pampered and petted throughout her = life.=20 Lee's Courtship with Mary soon turned serious, before long they were = thinking=20 of marriage. However, before Robert could propose he was assigned = to=20 Cockspur Island, Georgia. Robert returned to Arlington in 1830. He and Mary decided to = get=20 married. The two were married on June 30, 1831(Nash 248). Shortly there = after=20 the Lees went to Fort Monroe. Mary was never happy here.

Revolution and Enlightenment essays

Revolution and Enlightenment essays There is a thin line between enlightenment and revolution. Usually the events of one lead to the events of the other. Which one comes first is not really important, but what is important is that they took place. Some times it takes as little as a single piece a literature to unite people and make them go to war or make them see the world through a different perspective. No matter what happens during these events the end is always the same. For better of for worse the world is changed forever. Revolution and enlightenment have several relationships that allow them to coexist, and it is these relationships that allow them to simply bring people together and change the world forever. Revolution and enlightenment have a cause and effect relationship. Hardly ever does one occur without the other. The Scientific Revolution fundamentally changed the way people looked at things. It took peoples mind off God and gave them the power to answer the questions of the universe. It was a very controversial subject because before this point people did not question why things were. The people just believed that God had created things this way for a purpose. When this new way of thinking came out the church saw it as a threat to their way of life, but people began to catch on and started to like it. These events lead directly to the Enlightenment in which people began to question other things that were unknown, and realize there were answers to the questions that no one had challenged before. Around this time is when Francis Bacon came along with his guidelines for rational thinking. These things show that with out the revolution there would not have been an enlightenm ent. The Industrial revolution did not have a declared enlightenment, but it did enlighten the people. The Industrial Revolution was not just about inventing machines that could build things faster and more efficient. It was about the people of the revolution realizi...

Top 5 Overlooked and Rewarding Healthcare Careers

Top 5 Overlooked and Rewarding Healthcare Careers think outside the box if you have a passion for healthcare, but want to avoid more typical career paths. this field is filled to the brim with fascinating opportunities for all different skill sets. here are 5 careers that showcase the career diversity of industry. is one right for you? medical transcriptionistthis position consists of typing up doctors’ audio recordings into medical reports; it is vital to maintaining smooth administrative activity and coordinating care across disciplines. the more you work, the more you’ll make; the average earnings for this position are around $36,000. the perks include flexible schedules, the ability to work from home, and affordable training programs that can certify you in just a few months.dietitiandietitians studying the science of nutrition and food. in this profession, you work with clients to assess their health needs and goals, develop plans of action and exercise, and advise them about their diets. the average salary is $59 ,000. dietitians can work in all kinds of institutions, from hospitals to long-term care, colleges to program offices. you may also be able to work part-time and set flexible hours. you’ll need a degree and a license in order to practice.healthcare it specialistthe growing tech needs of the healthcare industry mean that specialized it professionals can find rewarding, lucrative work in this field. responsibilities include installing and maintaining records systems and networks, providing support to coworkers, and securing industry certifications like cmaa and cehrs. salary can range from $37,000 to $59,000 annually.midwifemidwives are childbirth specialists trained in monitoring pregnancy, birth, and post-partum care. positions exist in hospitals, birthing centers, and even remotely in various homes. the on-call hours can be demanding, but scheduling is flexible and the work is undeniably rewarding. salaries can run as high as $96k, and the field requires licensing and regula r certification updates.medical codermedical codes are used in healthcare to identify procedures and health issues for insurance and billing purposes. the average pay is $50,000 annually, more with specialized certifications; coders work in hospitals, institutions, and related office settings. make sure you find a worthwhile training program that will provide you with support and job placement after graduation.

Commodity Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Commodity Risk Management - Essay Example Commodities with higher price volatility subject the consumer or the producer to greater probability of incurring loses or attaining gains on the future sales and buying of the product. Commodities with greater share in enterprise earning or production costs are faced with greater exposure to price risks. Various commodity risk management instrument are available and are mostly used by large producing firms, large consuming firms, trading firms, marketing firms or departments and other business ventures. The current market trends have led to the limitation of middlemen and traders and the transactions between the producer/ manufacture and final consumer have increased considerably. When the world commodity prices fall, the producer is at risk as he is not able to cover for his production costs. Also, a commodity dealer who buys products and keeps them in a warehouse is faced by the risk of not recovering his original purchasing costs. Those who process the goods are faced by double r isks due to the inputs and outputs. The final consumer only experiences the problem of increased prices. Price risks also affect traders, importers and exporters (Rutten and Blarel, 1996) The are several methods that are adopted for the management of commodity price risks, These include the adoption of marketing strategies that help time sales and purchases, Forward contracts, futures long term contracts, the use of over the counter markets. Commodity linked bonds and the use of swaps (Kolb, 1991).The choice of the instrument to use is difficult as the over the counter market is not open and transparent. The price determination depends on the bargaining strength and the availability of vital information. There is also the counterpart risk if he fails to fulfill the obligations imposed on him. Types of instruments used Forwards contracts; this involves the formation of an agreement to deliver a given quantity of goods at a given future date. The agreed forward price is paid when the product is delivered. The contract contains the price of the commodity and the quantity specified for delivery at a given date in the future. The 'long position' or the buyer receives the commodity and pays the forward price and the 'short position' or the seller delivers the commodity (UNCTAD, 1998). Futures contract: this is an agreement to deliver a given commodity in the future. The price is paid at a specified future date and at a future price payable at the time of delivering the commodity. They differ from the forward markets since they are 'marked to the market' this means that the contracts are settled each trading day. Future prices are either greater or less than the forward price. Due to the evaluation of the prices per given trading day, future contracts are usually preferred. Forward contacts are usually traded in exchanges. Futures may require settlement on daily basis if the are market to market. They are safer because the clearing house guarantees the fulfillment of the contract terms by all parties (Morgan, 1992) Cash market The behavior of most commodities in the market is determined by the cash and storage markets. The term spot price is used to refer to the immediate purchase of commodities. That means the products are bought and delivered at that time. The cash market is greatly

Risk Management wk2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk Management wk2 - Essay Example It is because such an act is useful and will proactive planning will save millions of money to the company in the future. It will also ensure that the data in storage is secure and devoid of fraud due to unauthorized access. Huffman Trucking company management is in the initial process of coming up with a new database to keep the medical records of the employees. Several factors have to be considered before final ushering out of the database. The company should establish an information security policy. Every employee ought to be aware of such a policy. The policy aims at protecting the information from unacceptable disclosure, controlling how the information is shared. A good policy should be clear, concise, realistic, enforceable, role based and focusing on long-term existence of the company. The program should have an antivirus software installed in all its systems, spyware, and a malicious codes detector. Antiviruses can infect the system leading to the information loss or interruption of the running of the system. They can detect any intruder from accessing the private information. The system should also enforce a software where process that does update itself regularly rot the purpose of monitoring the vendors. Such a process has an automaticity in such a way that it fixes its own problems that arises. Frequent updates fix any vulnerabilities that may expose the system to hackers. There should be a clears system to detect, control and monitor the unauthorized access by external parties. Inventory and management of such assets entails having a list of all the authorized and permitted parties that should have access to the information. Therefore, utilization of cool tools will monitor the devices that are accessing the database hence maintaining the systems integrity. The firewalls and information systems should have a secure configuration. Firewall act as traffic controls in

Wide Reading Assignment - Sherlock Holmes Essay Example for Free

Wide Reading Assignment Sherlock Holmes Essay This assignment is based on three Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle which are, The Man with the Twisted Lip, The Final Problem, and The Empty House. The aim is to give a full understanding of each story and to give a good idea of why these stories are still as popular today as they were 100 years ago. I will explain this by discussing some of the characters and taking into account the social and historical context. Sherlock Holmes stories are all quite different in their own way because they explore different kinds of crime and characters. Such as in The Man with the Twisted Lip, where they are trying to solve a suspected murder and in The Final Problem they are trying to catch Professor Moriarty for various crimes. These three stories do have some similarities, which are that Sherlock Holmes always solves the crimes and is always the main character. They also involve Dr. Watson, a doctor, who seems to be Holmes companion in solving these crimes. Arthur Conan Doyle has created Holmes character very effectively as in that period in history crime was rife in London and the public were scared and thought the police force were not protecting their community as well as they should. So because Holmes didnt work for the police force and always solved the crimes then he seemed to be like a hero to the public and maybe their fantasy because he kept people safe and they probably wanted so much for him to be real. The readers of Sherlock Holmes in Victorian England showed so much interest that when Doyle tried to end the stories of Sherlock Holmes by killing him in The Final Problem there was a public outcry and Doyle even received death threats because they wanted so much for him to carry on with this character that had caught their attention so vividly. In that time of history there were no televisions or much entertainment at all for the public so that is probably why they got so intrigued by this wonderful character that solved all the crimes. I would describe Sherlock Holmes as a very pompous, confident and intelligent person. He also seems to be quite secretive about his plans such as when he persuades Dr. Watson to go on one of his missions, he doesnt tell him where they are going or what is in store for him and this makes me feel quite anxious for Watson, such as in The Man with the Twisted Lip when he said But Im all in the dark and Holmes answers Of course you are. Youll know all about it presently. I think this is a very significant quality in all of the Sherlock Holmes stories because it gives a sense of mystery for the reader and makes it a lot more interesting. Holmes also has a dark-side to himself, which is displayed when he states: Had I been recognised in that den my life would not of been worth an hours purchase, for I have used it before now for my own purposes.

San Jose Museum of Art :: essays research papers

The San Jose Museum of Art is nicely decorated and furnished museum with many different types of art. I decided to start out by looking at some of the various paintings. There were many different kinds, including traditional oil paintings on canvas as well as ordinary paper. One that stood out in my mind was â€Å"Desert Restaurant† by John Register. It’s a painting of the inside of a diner sitting in the middle of an open desert. The picture gives an eerie sense of isolation. One sculpture that I remember was one by Oliver Jackson, which is untitled. The sculpture appears to be a figure of a human squatting down. The sculpture is made out of Steel, Marble, and Crayon. Besides these, there were many other interesting pieces of art in the Museum including the unique bright chandeliers made of blown glass. I read an article in an old issue of â€Å"Art in America† about the lack of interest many young Americans show toward art in recent years. The article went on to explain how museum attendance was down in most museums compared to 20 years ago. Their main reasoning for this was the basic arguments of the advances in other forms of technology such as Television and computers that draw the attention of young ones away from traditional arts such as museums and live plays. The article went on to say that plays have become more for the highly sophisticated and less for the average person. The average person views a live play as any normal television show and doesn’t recognize the culture aspect attached to it. (Art in America, â€Å"Fading Culture† 1991, 12-14) The San Jose Museum of Art held a lot of interesting types of art, but I think I can understand what the article I read in â€Å"Art in America† was saying. Art has not changed much over time. Art takes a higher level of appreciation and educational level to be truly understood and enjoyed. San Jose Museum of Art :: essays research papers The San Jose Museum of Art is nicely decorated and furnished museum with many different types of art. I decided to start out by looking at some of the various paintings. There were many different kinds, including traditional oil paintings on canvas as well as ordinary paper. One that stood out in my mind was â€Å"Desert Restaurant† by John Register. It’s a painting of the inside of a diner sitting in the middle of an open desert. The picture gives an eerie sense of isolation. One sculpture that I remember was one by Oliver Jackson, which is untitled. The sculpture appears to be a figure of a human squatting down. The sculpture is made out of Steel, Marble, and Crayon. Besides these, there were many other interesting pieces of art in the Museum including the unique bright chandeliers made of blown glass. I read an article in an old issue of â€Å"Art in America† about the lack of interest many young Americans show toward art in recent years. The article went on to explain how museum attendance was down in most museums compared to 20 years ago. Their main reasoning for this was the basic arguments of the advances in other forms of technology such as Television and computers that draw the attention of young ones away from traditional arts such as museums and live plays. The article went on to say that plays have become more for the highly sophisticated and less for the average person. The average person views a live play as any normal television show and doesn’t recognize the culture aspect attached to it. (Art in America, â€Å"Fading Culture† 1991, 12-14) The San Jose Museum of Art held a lot of interesting types of art, but I think I can understand what the article I read in â€Å"Art in America† was saying. Art has not changed much over time. Art takes a higher level of appreciation and educational level to be truly understood and enjoyed.

Evolution of Science

Loose change menu- McDonald's have created a menu consisting of meals no more expensive than two dollars (loose change) which attracts customers with small amounts of money on them e students key phrase used by McDonald's Is: ‘A little loose change, goes a long way. This marketing strategy Is aimed at budget-focused customers aged between 14 – 25 2. Coca-Cola crown glass- McDonald's have release six limited edition Coca-Cola glasses which a customer can receive after the purchase of any large extra value al.The six glasses are only around for a limited time which gives the public an incentive to purchase a meal to collect as many limited edition glasses as possible. Key phrase: Hurry there only available for a limited time. This marketing techniques Is aimed at all customers aged between 20 – 40 2. Cheap easy Birthday parties- Birthday parties at McDonald's are extremely popular for kids aged between five and ten. There are three relatively cheap Cossacks and attr active to parent's who want an easy alternative for their child party.McDonald's describe the preparation their birthday parties as care free for parent's and that all they have to do is enjoy the atmosphere. Key phrase: We give your child a birthday party to remember! ‘ 3. Big Mac chant- McDonald's have a competition that asks you to film yourself singing the big Mac chant. By voting for a chant you receive a free Big Mac. This gives customers the incentive to vote and receive a free big Mac at the same time its a big add for the big Mac. Key phrase get voting now Outlining social media to spread their message florally. Art 2: ) On the McDonald's website there Is a section called our food and our nutrition, on the page it describes the healthy changes and alternatives McDonald's have made to their meals. This has been used to Inform the public of the healthy meals that are available at McDonald's. No I do not because children do not usually look Into the nutrition In their fo od. 2) McDonald's have also sponsored children's sporting event e. G. Little athletics, swimming Queensland. This has been used for people to associate being active and playing sport with ‘OFF eating McDonald's giving the healthier image.Yes I think it interlines young people to believe that McDonald's are a healthy fast food restraint, for the reason that they are sponsoring their sporting team. 3) Burger King- Released a limited time turkey burger in its attempt at releasing healthier option to the public. But still weighs in at 530 calories. This has been to make customers believe that what they are eating is good for them when really its Just as bad as any other meal on the menu. Yes I think it influences young people because they are easily persuaded into leveling a meal is good for them. ) McDonald's' new McGraw uses a green label to trick customers into thinking it's healthier. When really it's only 10 calories less than the normal Grilled Ranch Snack Wrap. This has bee n used to make the food seem healthy Yes I think it influences young people because most young people associate the color green with healthy food. 5) KEF being the official sponsor of cricket Australia. This has been used to associate the game of cricket with the food KEF, giving Cuff's food and image a healthy active look.Yes I do think it influence young people because they watch the cricket and see adds for KEF with members of the cricket team in them influencing them to believe the food is healthy/ part 3 Two American teenagers suing McDonald's For: The two girls were lured into McDonald's by the toys, the playground, the happy meals and the birthday parties. The persuasive television ads also played a factor in them eating there regularly. The two girls had no choice but to eat there because they lived in a remote area of America where McDonald's was one of the cheapest and only places to eat at.Against: The two teenagers ate at McDonald's at least seven times a week for years. Although they state they were unaware of how fattening McDonald's food actually is the burger loin says it handles nutrition responsibly. It puts nutritional information about its products on large; poster-size charts on its store walls and in other display areas. The charts show, for instance, that a quarter pounded with cheese has 530 calories and 30 grams of fat. To two Teenagers had no evidence that there health problems were caused solely by eating McDonald's.Response IL t b I less to taste t companies 1) List the nutritional information of the products that they are selling to the public – Read the nutritional information regarding the food they are eating and understand how it will affect your health and weight. 2) Provide healthy meals on the menu e. G. Salads – Eat a variety of meals not Just those that are bad for you 3) Inform consumers of the health risks involved in eating fast food. Understand health risks associated in eating fast food 4) Promote exerci se awareness for customers. Exercise regularlyAdolescent nutrition guideline Comparison Nutritional guidelines for an adolescent state you must have eat plenty of vegetables, cereals, lean meant and fish. The total amount of my Kilojoules added up for one meal at McDonald's was approximately 4000 k]. From my calculations I have gathered that if I ate McDonald's for breakfast lunch and dinner I would be exceeding my average intake by over kick]. I have found if I eat a healthy breakfast and relatively healthy meat based lunch I can have McDonald's for Dinner with out exceeding my maximum daily Kilojoules intake.

Assess the Corporate Social Responsibility of Telecommunication Industries

Mobile telecommunication industries in this country with time have increasingly played major roles in not only the lives of the people within the community in which they are situated but also in the total economic well being of the country as a whole through their social responsibility activities.The Mobile telecommunication industry in this country has increased tremendously within the past couple of years, and have increasingly played major roles in not only the lives of the people within the community in which they are situated but also in the total economic well being of the country as a whole through their social responsibility activities. The idea of Social Responsibility has developed differently around the world because of different histories, culture and institution. Steiner George 2000) In the past years, the multi-faceted problems made it almost impossible for indigenous industries to undertake social activities in developing countries. However, corporate social responsibi lity (CSR) research has blossomed in this new millennium. This is due to the increasing concern expressed by policy makers and individual bodies about corporate social responsibility and the pressure exerted on organizations to demonstrate high ethical standards.This project is very important because Ghana may need a new code of conduct, laws and regulations and multi-stakeholder agreements and private voluntary initiatives as new businesses are beginning to emerge into our system. Telecommunication industry is a typical example of a fast growing industry within our system. It is therefore imperative that we acknowledge the significance of their corporate contribution to the societies and the nation, for this foresight to be smart and articulate. 1. 2 BACKGROUND STUDYThe precise concept of CSR is understood in different ways, having different representations of the concept relatable to different paradigms and concerns. Aside all the differences pertaining to the nature and content o f CSR, a number of the concepts includes human rights, environmental responsibility, diversity management, sustainability, and philanthropy, meaning that it is a complex area with an interdisciplinary focus. It is generally agreed that CSR involves corporations voluntarily exceeding their legal duties to take account of social, economic and environmental impacts of their operations.For example, the European Commission defines CSR as: â€Å"A concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interactions with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis† (European Multistakeholder Forum on CSR, 2004: 3) Corporate Social Responsibility also relates to those management philosophies, policies, procedure and act that have advancement of social welfare as one of their primary objectives (By Boone and Kurtz 1987) CSR is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society.Its conce rn is related to certain aspects of the company’s operations such as the quality of their management – both in terms of people and processes, and the nature of, and quantity of their impact on society in the various areas. The term â€Å"CSR† came in to common use in the early 1970s, after many multinational corporations were formed. The term stakeholder, meaning those on whom an organization's activities have an impact, was used to describe corporate owners beyond shareholders as a result of an influential book by R Freeman in 1984. 2] ISO 26000 is the recognized international standard for CSR Public sector organizations. It is widely accepted that CSR adheres to similar principles but with no formal act of legislation. The UN has developed the Principles for Responsible Investment as guidelines for investing entities. Corporate social responsibility (CSR), also known as corporate responsibility, corporate conscience, corporate citizenship, responsible business , sustainable responsible business (SRB), or corporate social performance,[1] is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model.Ideally, CSR policy would function as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business would monitor and ensure its support to law, ethical standards, and international norms. Consequently, business would embrace responsibility for the impact of its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere. Furthermore, CSR-focused businesses would proactively promote the public interest by encouraging community growth and development, and voluntarily eliminating practices that harm the public sphere, regardless of legality.Essentially, CSR is the deliberate inclusion of public interest into corporate decision-making, and the honoring of a triple bottom line: people, planet, profit. Stakeholders are taking an increasing interest in the activity of the company. Most l ook to the outer circle, that is, what the company has actually done, good or bad, in terms of its products and services, in terms of its impact on the environment and on local communities, or in how it treats and develops its workforce.Out of the various stakeholders, it is financial analysts who are predominantly focused – as well as past financial performance – on quality of management as an indicator of likely future performance. Developed countries have worked out a way around ensuring that local and international businesses or companies make contributions towards community development. Sainsbury’s and Tesco for instance are typical examples of companies that have contributed towards every community they operate.The contrast however in Africa is that the key people within the community are just contented to accept a bottle of Scottish Whiskey or Schnapps or local spirit over a businessdeal. Ghana needs to get a grip of how best our laws would work for us if we involve businesses co-operation into helping with our community developments. Understanding how international law works and how it can be used to further both national and international CSR objectives. 1. 3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The mobile telecommunication industry in this country has increased tremendously and continuously growing at a very high speed over the past ten years.The researcher’s aim is to throw more light on the real impact of this industry on the economy through their social activities. The research also works towards assessing whether or not the individual activities are achieving their desired impact on society. The view of the public is also a major concern to the researcher. This research is to find out the level of recognition the mobile telecommunication industries receive for their social activities and also to identify the level of benefits they receive in terms of increasing customer base and overall image of the industry upon undertaking such corporate social responsibility.1. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The significance and contribution of the mobile telecommunication industry in this country cannot be over emphasized. The main aim of this study was to assess the level of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices by the Mobile Telecommunication Industry in the country. * This study sought to ascertain and document the extent of recognition and appreciation, nature and content of socially responsible actions by mobile telecommunication firms located in Ghana. * Based on this study the researcher anticipates that the information they have provided will be beneficial to the government and policy makers. Another motive for this research is to helping the industry be more aware of their CSR and acknowledge its importance to not only their image and customer base, but also as a major contributing factor towards economic development.* This study will interest students, academics and practitioners who might be undertaking furthe r research on issues relating to the topic. | 1. 5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY * To outline the social, economic and political factors driving the development and implementation of CSR of the mobile telecommunication industry Ghana. The study is to identify the contributions of mobile telecommunication network towards social and economic development with specific reference to MTN. * To assess the challenges they go through in complying with the expectation of the society * To address the contested nature of CSR, in particular in terms of its instrumental or normative value. * To assess individuals notions of the role and nature of corporations with respect to corporate social responsibility. 1. 6 RESEARCH QUESTINE * What are the corporate social responsibility activities undertaken by mobile telecommunication agencies? To what extent, and in what way can or should mobile corporations be held morally responsible?* Is there a significant contribution of CSR towards economic development? * Are their CSR activities a strategy for distinguishing and protecting their image and creating trust, and to attract and retain both potential employees and consumers? * Are the benefits of their contributions worth the harm they may be causing to the societies? * Are they giving back enough to the society relative to what they are receiving? * Are the people satisfied with their services and contributions? . 7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY Primary and secondary data was used as a source of information. The researchers also had to design proposed questionnaires to access information from the users of the mobile industry concerning their opinions, this was however done randomly.The research is aimed at assessing the nature and content of the corporate social responsibility activities undertaken by the various organizations within the telecommunication industry and its contribution to the society and in turn the economy of the nation. . 8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Some of the limitations of this study included; * Lack of sufficient information; This was as a result of the reluctance of officers within the industry to give out all the information required for the research. * Time factor; The combination of academic demands i. e. Lectures and exams with the working on this project made the period of submission quiet short for undertaking all the requirements for assessing information for the study. 1. 9 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDYThis research is presented in 5 chapters with subdivisions. * Chapter 1 begins with an introduction to the topic stating its relevance, the background study, statement of the problem, research question, and objective of the study, significance of the study and scope and limitation. * Chapter 2 outlines the literature review :definition and explanation of terms, nature of Social responsibility, levels and dimensions of social responsibility, problems associated with social responsibilities, Chapter 3 tackle the Theoretical Review of the research, which comprises of the population, sample and sampling procedures,Research instrument , Administration of instrument and method of data Analysis. * Chapter 4 relates to the Empirical Review, which contains a brief historical background of the individual mobile telecommunication industries in Ghana, types of social responsibility activities in which they engage themselves into, effects of such activities on their customer base and profitability, problems encountered while undertaking/for filing their social responsibility Chapter 5 deals with presentation of findings, this consists of findings and summary, and conclusion of findings and recommendations. 1. 10 DEFINITION OF TERMS Ten CSR Themes Social Responsibility Agreements, Ghana Drivers of and Constraints to PRIVATE Sector Engagement

Carotid Vertebral Artery Dissection Essay Essay Example

Carotid Vertebral Artery Dissection Essay Essay Example Carotid Vertebral Artery Dissection Essay Essay Carotid Vertebral Artery Dissection Essay Essay one to find force, and one to find mass . These are e equations Chambers 3 needed in order for these roller coasters to be built, if not there would be a w hole lot more deaths and amusement parks and roller coaster architects would lose millions and millions of dollars. We all know the basic designs and overall look of roller coasters. Big wooden steel structures with coaster cars that has big drops and thrills. I have research heed the different types of roller coasters and discovered that there were 8 different SST rescuers. Nowadays here in 2013, there are 3054 steel structured reallocates and 17 3 wooden structured reallocates. The 8 different reallocates Structures that exist AR e Shutdown, StandUp, Inverted, Suspended, Pipeline, Bobsled, Flying, and Fourth Dimensions n. The most common basic types of roller coasters are Shutdown, Standup, Inverted, and Suspended. These are pretty much the basic designs for most r leer coasters today. The more complex reallocates are Pipeline, Bobsled, Flying, and last UT not least Fourth Dimension. These kind of roller coasters are very unique and they can easily cause a lot of different injuries if they are not engineered precisely and effectively. They all are very different in the way they move and their structure sees. The Pipeline roller coaster is when riders are positioned between the rails, not bell owe or above. The bobsled roller coaster is designed to be like a bobsled run, the co aster car runs freely through a trough. A flying roller coaster rides parallel to the track. The fourth dimension roller coaster IS a reallocates with cars that spin on a horizontal a Although there are mechanical engineers and architects that specialize in make all roller coasters as safe as possible, there are still some horrific and traumatic accidents each year. A vast majority of these Ann al injuries come from the air cantonal Chambers 4 decisions made by people both riding and waiting. Thats why they constantly repeat the rules so, it would be your fault if you dont abide by them. Some roller coaster injury that has happened in 2009, is at Blackball Pleasure Beach in Blackball, England, when two roller coaster cars collided on the Big Dipper leer coaster, leaving 21 people with injuries including whiplash, broken bone back injuries. It was a sit down type of roller coaster. Another one is,at Knots Farm in Buena Park, California, a earldom boy and his father were injured o n the Accelerator roller coaster when a cable that launches the rides trains broke AP art. The cable sliced through the calf of the boys left leg. The boys father was treated for back injuries. This also is a sit down type of roller coaster. Another one is a arrear old man died after he was rushed to a hospital with breathing problems he suffered o Firework roller coaster at Kings Island theme park in Mason, Ohio. Park work errs noticed that the man was having trouble breathing when his train returned to the loading station and called for an ambulance. This is a flying type of roller coaster. That means as you ride the roller coaster your body and also the roller coaster car is Para As you see most of these roller coasters are sit down, loadstones type of roll coasters. They malfunction because they are older than most For example, the e Big dipper its a wooden coaster so it is older and it would be easier for something to go rang with it because it take more care and more time and effort, which is so meeting that most amusement park dont do. Now the Big Dipper at Blackball pleasure Beach in Blackball, England, with t he height of 65 Ft, a drop of 50 Ft, a length of 3300 Ft, a speed of MPH, a duration n of 2 Chambers 5 minutes and 28 seconds, a goofier of 3. 7, and a Max vertical angle of 460. Ad incident where two roller coaster cars collided. Some tourist said that one of he trains stopped moving on the track and the other train, which was moving at some peed, crashed into it. The collision left both trains stuck on the track. One was boo 20 feet off the ground and the other came close to the ground. A rescue team evacuee, Ted the riders using stretchers and spinal boards. Ambulances took the passengers to hospitals for treatment. Most were releas e De after they received treatment for harmless or minor injuries. One Of the victim ms was sent to have to undergo facial surgery. Thirty people were aboard the ride at t e time of the accident. The Big Dipper, a wooden roller coaster, opened in 1923. The rill shutdown type of roller coaster and it caused the injuries because of the wear ND tear of the roller coaster. The track got old and the chains got very weak which scuffs d for the roller coaster cars to suddenly stop. The chains gave out when trying to haul II the weight of an car thats hundreds of pounds. There are many ways that these incidents could be avoided. For example, the Big Dipper accident couldve been avoided if the workers at the park maintain De and kept the roller coaster steady and in good shape. The roller coaster engineer: could come back every 5 to 10 years to look at the roller coasters and to check if it i still in shape. They also could of got the roller coaster refurbished every 20 years. TTL is can cake sure that there is no problems or no complications to put people lives n danger. The ways they could refurbish the roller coaster is by switching out the chain restoring the wood, modifying the roller coaster cars to a more smooth and e effective Chambers 6 moving attraction, replacing the metal on the tracks, tightening the screws an d bolts on the restraints, replacing the wheels, and last but not least the engineers of the roller coaster should come and put up some huge guardrails to hinder the cars if the eye collide, to keep the coaster cars on the track to be able to stop them from falling oft he tracks. This also was an accident due to faulty design because of the fact that they collided. They designed the coaster to be able to make 2 roller coasters ride a t the same time, this was the main problem. Thats why when to first roller coaster stopped, the other roller coaster came not far behind and collided with the other coast prevent this they should time the intervals better than how the did because, if they had the intervals time perfectly, they definitely would not have any problems to FAA CE because everything that could happen would already be anticipated. The injury i was given fro my project is Carotid and Vertebral artery dissection They are similar but, they have a few differences. For example, vertebral rater dissection is a tear and the Carotid artery dissection is a separation. Basically, they both deal with the neck and brain, and the both cause less blood. A carotid artery section is a separation of layers of the artery wall which supplies blood to the brain. It is one of the leading causes of strokes in young people. Symptoms include headaches, neck and face pains (especially pain around the eyes), vision disturbances such as Dobb lee vision or a droopy eyelid, a sudden decrease in sense of taste and weakness on one did of the body. A vertebral artery dissection is a flap like tear which is located in the vertebral artery (neck). It is also what supplies blood to the head. When the tear OCCUrs it starts to create blood clots, which can cause the artery wall to thicken and eventually c cause the Chambers 7 blood flow in the head to slow down. This can easily cause the person to have a blackout because of the lack of oxygen and blood to the brain. The symptoms of this includes head and neck pain, and it also causes stroke symptoms such as, difficulty speaking, impaired coordination, and visual loss. You can test these injuries not by only roller coasters and various rides but also by DOI Eng simple everyday activities such as, cracking your neck, playing sports, riding your bike , yoga, various dancing moves, aggressive sexual intercourse and doing exercises like e running on a treadmill, lifting weights, and using the exercise bikes. This shows us that we dont have to do extreme things to get near death injuries. Just simple everyday cacti pities can be potentially dangerous just like riding roller coasters, horseback riding, or m mountain climbing. Certain medical conditions such as Merman syndrome, a genetic con active tissue disease, can put individuals at risk for developing carotid artery dissects Carotid artery dissection in these patients is called spontaneous, because it occurs without trauma to the head or neck. Now, Im going to use different case studies to show you an example of how people can get Carotid and Vertebral artery dissections and what they did to t retreat them and care for them to live. The case I am using is about a woman with no sign vacant medical history who developed dissections of both carotid and both vertebral arteries,after a roller coaster ride. The roadside woman developed rightists neck pain followed by a front headache immediately after a roller coaster ride. Five days after the incident happened, she developed complete loss of vision in her right eye for two Chambers 8 hours straight. Following that the vision improved but remained significantly decreased. Whew she went to the doctor, her vision was 20/200 in the right and 20/20 in the left eye. Her neurological exam was normal. The cerebral x ray showed both internal carotid d and vertebral artery dissections. The woman remained stable with conservative the repay without further worsening vision or any new neurological damages. Outgo sees for arterial dissections are usually favorable, but early diagnosis is critical for knit action of appropriate treatment of possible complications. Physicians must know when patients say they have any headache or neck pain triggered by violent motion after leis ere activities such as roller coaster rides, it could be an artery dissection. This was perfect example of Carotid and Vertebral artery dissection. It shows that they both are nothing to easily treat or get over. If these injuries dont get treated soon one ugh it can lead to an even worse injury or even death. They must be treated and it take t me and patience to heal. The engineers use a lot of physics to make calculations of how safe the roller coaster will be. Thats why it take the builders almost 2 or 3 months to build the sees massive roller coaster tracks. It is basically like a trial and error type of thing, t hey test drive the roller coaster cars on the track over and over. The engineers that AR e there they record every single detail about the roller coaster and the track. The call elate the mass, gravity, acceleration, velocity, and all other aspects and data of the roller r coaster. Once they test drive them and record all the data, they go and do the math. T hey do the formulas to calculate the goofier to make sure they are not harmful, they call Chambers 9 outside forces, the centripetal force, and all variables that may be able to fee actor interfere with the roller coaster. They also take into hand the work, the friction n, the potential energy moments and the kinetic energy moments. There are a good amount of rules and regulations that should be put into cacti because they will definitely change these amusement parks for good. First off they should have to change the head and neck restraints on the roller coaster cars every 5 years. The wear and tear damage cause them to be redundant and not able t o serve their purpose. Second, they should have tighter restraints on roller coasters b cause when they get older and used a lot over the years, the bolts and screws can e easily become loose and lead to a restraint opening during the ride. Rules for the ro Leer coasters should be more enforced because majority of the case studies I read have to do with people not following the rules set by the engineers and creators of the e ride. The rule keep your head erect should be enforced a lot because when you dont k pep your eek straight you are more prone to injury and you wont have any support to keep your neck from getting hurt. There is always going to be the basic, common rules you have to always follow w such as obeying the listed age, height, weight, and health restrictions, observing all o the posted ride safety rules, keeping both your hands, arms, legs and feet ins did the ride at all times, remaining seated during the ride until it comes to a complete e stop and you are instructed to exit, following all verbal instructions given by ride opera torso or said Chambers 10 by recorded announcements, always using the safety equipment that is Provo De and never attempting to wriggle free of or loosen restraints or other safety device s, making sure that parents that have young children should make sure that their child en can understand the safe and appropriate ride behavior, never forcing anyone, esp. Cecilia children, to ride the attractions they dont want to ride , and last but not least, if you see any unsafe behavior or condition on a ride, report it to a supervisor or manage immediately. All these rules has kept roller coasters safe and fun at amuse NT parks for years. Most of these rules are basically regular procedures to tell the group of riders that are riding because it makes the people that own the roller coaster park o amusement park not as liable for the injuries of the death. Also, they use these e roller coaster rules because if they dont show their roller coaster rules and warning s, they can get in trouble with the roller coaster inspectors and the roller coaster ass occasions. Many people think roller coasters are dangerous and you can die from them easily but there are actually built to be safe for the people to enjoy.

Definition and Examples of Maxims

Definition and Examples of Maxims Maxim, proverb, gnome, aphorism, apothegm, sententia―all of these terms mean essentially the same thing: a short, easily remembered expression of a basic principle, general truth or rule of conduct. Think of a maxim as a nugget of wisdom―or at least of apparent wisdom. Maxims are universal and testify to the commonality of human existence. It is often difficult to tell whether a maxim means something, or something means maxim.   -  Robert Benchley, Maxims from the Chinese Maxims, you see, are tricky devices. As Benchley suggests in his comic chiasmus, they generally sound pretty convincing at least until a contrary maxim comes along. Look before you leap, we say with conviction. That is, until we remember that he who hesitates is lost. Examples of Dueling Maxims English is full of such contrary proverbs (or, as we prefer to call them, dueling maxims): The bigger the better / Good things come in small packages.Whats good for the goose is good for the gander. / One mans meat is another mans poison.Birds of a feather flock together./ Opposites attract.Actions speak louder than words. / The pen is mightier than the sword.Youre never too old to learn. / You cant teach an old dog new tricks.All good things come to those who wait. / Time and tide wait for no man.Many hands make light work. / Too many cooks spoil the broth.Absence makes the heart grow fonder. / Out of sight, out of mind.Its better to be safe than sorry. / Nothing ventured, nothing gained. As William Mathews said, All maxims have their antagonist maxims; proverbs should be sold in pairs, a single one being but a half truth. Maxims as Strategies But then, we might ask, what is the nature of proverbial truth? In his essay Literature as Equipment for Living, rhetorician Kenneth Burke argued that proverbs are strategies designed for dealing with situationsfor consolation or vengeance, for admonition or exhortation, for foretelling. And different situations call for different proverbs: The apparent contradictions depend upon differences in attitude , involving a correspondingly different choice of strategy . Consider, for instance, the apparently opposite pair: Repentance comes too late and Never too late to mend. The first is admonitory. It says in effect: Youd better look out, or youll get yourself too far into this business. The second is consolatory, saying in effect: Buck up, old man, you can still pull out of this. ( The Philosophy of Literary Form, 3rd edition, Louisiana State University Press, 1967) Maxims in an Oral Culture In any event, the maxim is a handy device, especially for people in predominately oral culturesthose that rely on speech rather than writing to pass along knowledge. Some of the common stylistic features of maxims (features that help us remember them) include parallelism, antithesis, chiasmus, alliteration, paradox, hyperbole  and ellipsis. The Rhetoric of Aristotle According to Aristotle in his Rhetoric, the maxim is also a persuasive device, convincing listeners by conveying an impression of wisdom and experience. Because maxims are so common, he says, They seem true, as if everyone agreed. But that doesnt mean that all of us have earned the right to use maxims. Theres a minimum age requirement, Aristotle tells us: Speaking in maxims is appropriate to those older in years and on subjects of which one is experienced, since to speak maxims is unseemly for one too young, as is storytelling; and on matters in which one is inexperienced it is silly and shows lack of education. There is an adequate sign of this: country folks are most inclined to strike maxims and readily show themselves off. ( Aristotle On Rhetoric : A Theory of Civic Discourse, translated by George A. Kennedy, Oxford University Press, 1991) Finally, we might keep in mind this bit of proverbial wisdom from Mark Twain: It is more trouble to make a maxim than it is to do right.

My Sister's Keeper by Jodi Picoult Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

My Sister's Keeper by Jodi Picoult - Essay Example splays a character that is funny and thoughtful, as she is the only member in the family who seems to bring color and life to her family that has been immensely devastated by Kate’s illness. The first part of the novel reveals how Anna displayed her inquisitive nature. Unlike other kids who by and then accept the common notion that they were brought to earth because of their parents’ love for each other, Anna had asked the reason for her existence beyond the surface-level inquisition. She went on by saying that if outside creatures, such as an alien, see children in this world, they might assume that these kids were born out of a drinking spree or a mishap in the use of artificial birth control (Picoult 7). This lamentation is a no-nonsense gibberish for Anna because all her life, her existence was literally for a purpose. Her character is always inquisitive by asking, proving, and confirming the nature of her existence. With those questions, she was also able to formulate her own sensible answers. Furthermore, her inquisitive nature was also displayed many times in the book, particularly when she sought the help of Campbell Alexander, the lawyer she wished to de fend her on court. She was initially declined, but her inquisitive nature made their conversation going and eventually earned the approval of Alexander to serve as her lawyer. Anna Fitzgerald also displayed her impressive intelligence. This observation is evident when she effortlessly elaborated the cases that she thought would be related to her possible case. More importantly, her intelligence was seen in the entire book as she managed to bring to the court a family issue that has been overlooked by her parents due to their seemingly myopic view to Kate’s condition. Only Anna understood her role in the family. Her character was more of a legal fighter, and her intelligence to understand all aspects of her existence made her see things through the lenses. Anybody can rarely find such bold and

Racism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Racism - Essay Example Two of these stereotypes are the idea that Chinatown and Chinese people are somehow immoral and dirty. A lot of the background of these and other racial ideas has to do with a shift in the thinking of the nineteenth century "from ethnocentrism to a radical biological determinism," where people tried to come up with scientific proof that one race was somehow better than another (Anderson 585). These resulted in stereotyping of other races and also, such as in the case of Chinatown, the splitting apart from mainstream society of other races so that their lesser qualities would not "contaminate" white society (Anderson 585). Anderson quotes a secretary of state from 1885 in Canada who says that Chinatown is "attended with evils" and that "because of their habits of lodging crowded quarters and accumulating filth, is offensive if not likely to breed disease" (Anderson 586). This idea continues to grow in the period from then until the 1920s. Darwin's ideas and other scientific advances w ere used to argue that Chinese were inferior, dirtier, and that the areas they lived were bad because of this. It was the council of Vancouver who officially labeled the area "Chinatown" in the 1890s and then actually destroyed some of the buildings because of supposed health complaints. The other idea which grew at the same time period was the idea of Chinese immorality. Anderson says the area was seen as "non-Christian, uncivilized, and amoral" and that because of this perception, Chinatown was supposed to be a lawless opium-addicted area with "wickedness unmentionable" (589). At the same time he disagrees that this perception came about purely because Chinese people were not white. He says that instead, the government was motivated by "economic competition" and racial myths which were thoroughly embedded in the government's employees (Anderson 590). 2) In the Aitken reading on school shootings, how is the media depicting these tragic events? And, what is the importance of place i n the varying reactions to the murders? Aitken talks about several school shootings which took place near San Diego in 2001, and compares these to the Columbine shooting that was so shocking when it happened. Several other authors have claimed that the Columbine shooting was inspired by Neo-nazi movements, and that it is disturbing that the media did not report on this information (Aitken 594). Although Aitekn does not think the San Diego shootings were inspired in the same way, he says there is still an element of racism in how the media represented them in news. Specifically this has to do with where the murders took place. Aitken argues that both the place of the school shootings and the way the media reported on them after they happened point towards what he calls "a normalizing and mythic geography of fear" (595). What he means by this seems to be the combination of the old idea everybody has that it can never happen where a person lives because where that person lives, at leas t in America, is always normal, middle-class, and safe. The fear and horror takes place in other parts of the world, or in non-white communities, in places other than the "mythic place of white middle-class America—

Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Accounting - Assignment Example The game changer in Ameritel Company is the manner in which it reaches out to its employees, retailers, track sales as well as timely implementation of its new marketing strategies with the desirable Salesforce. Its Salesforce managed to reach out to the entire sales region to bridge the gap that exists between the company call center and sales teams. Furthermore, Ameritel is undertaking training campaigns for its dealers according to Reid, 2014. Ameritel has a mechanism that enables monitoring of its inventory anytime anywhere due to its efficient tracking system. The tracking system eases instant and effective visibility of dealer performance and purchases. Reid, 2014 adds that half of the organization explores working with pop and mom accounts that utilize Ameritel in selling T-Mobile. The remaining half collaborates with the wholesale section to supply the T-Mobile as well as activities involving tracking. Ameritel uses Salesforce because it is striving to achieve absolute best experience in its internal operations as well as to the customers. The other issue in its top priority is to surpass its customer expectations besides general company

Gothic Architecture and Renaissance Architecture Comparison

Gothic Architecture and Renaissance Architecture Comparison Introduction Gothic architecture and Renaissance architecture are both the comprehensive expression of culture in their own times. Gothic architecture started in 12th-century France and lasted for 4 centuries, into the 16th. After that, renaissance architecture took the place of Gothic architecture from 15 century until 17 century from Florence, Italy. Different time-backgrounds, social cultures, religious believes and different aesthetical standards from origins are the main reasons that formed these two polarity architectural style, Gothic and Renaissance. They represent their time and nation, becoming a specific language. In this essay, I will study and compare two finest works from each era, Amiens Cathedral and Florence Cathedral, trying to find out the contrast of these two architecture styles through the angle of historical evolution on European architecture. Time background and characteristics of Gothic architecture Gothic architecture evolved from Romanesque architecture and then flourished during the high and late medieval period. Gothic started from the 12th century France and it spreaded to the entire Europe, especially south and middle Europes architecture are deeply influenced. Europe was divided into a multitude of city states and kingdoms at the end of the 12th century. Throughout Europe archived its heyday because of the rapid growth in trade and the development of artisan industry, and an associated growth in towns (Banister, 1975 John 1950). Because of Germany and the Lowlands were in comparative peace, emerged lots of large flourishing towns. With the purpose of competition with other towns, or united for mutual weal, citizens had very high enthusiasm to built religious buildings. Those buildings were importance to these towns, represented wealth and pride. At that time, religious architectures like churches, cathedrals, abbeys were not only used as unalloyed religious architecture, they became the central of civic lives, became as halls, Hanseatic Leagues, even markets or theaters. Not only the religious architectures, many castles, universities, municipal halls were built in gothic style and remained till today. Few of domestic houses were gothic s tyle. In the other word, gothic architecture embodies the power of the rulers of the day. Gothic architecture is the zenith of European medieval architecture. No matter the engineering technologies or the means of artistic expression both achieved an unprecedented level, and hence came the golden time of European religious architecture. Churches buildings are the most elegant and superb workmanship of construction among all gothic buildings. Amiens cathedral is the most typical gothic architecture; we can almost find all of the gothic architecture Characteristics in this building. Amiens cathedral is a Roman Catholic cathedral. It is located in Amiens, the chief city of Picardy, north of Paris. It is the tallest complete cathedral in France, with the nave high 42.30 m, and it has the greatest interior volume, estimated at 200,000 m ³ (Wikipedia, 2009). It is said that it can contain all citizens in Amiens city at that time and more than sufficient (Baidu, 2009). Characteristics of Amiens cathedral Gothic art not only can been shown on the gothic religious buildings, but also painting, sculpture and crafts. A lot of sculpture, reliefs and illuminated entrances of the cathedral, let the gothic church buildings becoming art galleries. These sculptures and paintings break out of the range of religion and restrict, emphasize portray of characters, novelty seeking for accurate human histology. It presents a new thought, a brand new art creations tend was increasing through these gothic arts in church buildings, and it might lead to the renaissance art. (Huihua, 2004) The Western portals of the Amiens cathedral have a lot of outstanding elegant art works. Especially their elaborate sculpture, featuring a gallery of locally-important saints and large eschatological scenes are justly famous. In the book Mr Standfast, John Buchan has his character Richard Hannay describe the Amiens cathedral as being the noblest church that the hand of man ever built for God.( John,1960) Material Gothic architectures have no strict restraint on the chosen of material. Mainly French gothic churches employed limestone as the material. In England, Germany and Italy, heavy materials such as marble, sandstone, brick and stone are also be used. Amiens cathedral, just like the mostly French churches use limestone as material. Amiens cathedral have a very standardized gothic churchs Latin cross or cruciform plan. The long nave makes the body of the cathedral. Beyond a transverse arm called the transept, there is an extension which may be called the choir, chancel or presbytery. In other gothic churches architectures, there are several variations on the plan because of the regional reasons. Gothic architecture made a breakthrough of Romanesque style, using sprightly ogival or pointed arch, forceful spires and lots of narrow long windows instead of heavy shape, stability and semicircle arch,emphasis gothic churches verticality. These characteristics application, aimed to create a powerful impression on the approaching people, indicating the might of God and the might of the institution that it represents. Like other French cathedrals, Amiens cathedral is emphasis its height, both real and proportional. The 42.30 m height nave is even considerably taller than the width. On the interior of the Amiens cathedral, there is no break of the vertical lines. 126 giant pillars rise up from the floor straight to the ceiling, and meet the ribs of the vault. The walls and long narrow windows are all follow the rule of verticality. Through these methods, it leads peoples sight up to the high, create an impression of pious and transcendence of god, and the dream of heaven. The treatment of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery of mostly French and perpendicular period of English gothic churches shows a strongly unifying feature that counteracts the horizontal divisions of the interior structure. (Wim, 1985) Rose windows are applied widely in the design of gothic churches. In Amiens cathedral, rose windows can be found above the entrance and transept. This is the rose window above the west entrance of the Amiens cathedral. In Amiens cathedral, brick or stone is not the main part of the walls, but colored glasses, which tells many stories of gods, in order to educate people who cannot read at that time. All the rose windows and long narrow windows are using stained glass. The big contrast of dark walls and bright gorgeous windows gives a mysterious feeling. The flying buttress is a crucial element or characteristic contributing to the larruping looking of Gothic cathedrals. The flying buttress was used as a structure element, supporting the walls vertically. But in some gothic architecture, it comes to become a kind of decoration of building. The flying buttress outside the clerestory walls, decreasing the solidity of structure virtually, made the cathedra looked as being suspended from heaven. Furth more, it also played a role to balance the network of interior vaults ribs to give the same impression of a tent-like canopy over the congregation (www.wikipdia.com, 2009). In Art Through the Ages, authors describe the flying buttress as like slender extended fingers holding up the walls.( TANSEV. R , KLEINER. F. S CROIX. H, 1995) The ribbed vault is another importance characteristic of gothic architecture. The ribbed vault is made by combining three separate but connected arches. These are the transverse arches that span the ends of the vault, the lateral or longitudinal arches that span the length or sides of the vault, and the two diagonal arches that reach from corner to corner.(Parry. S) This simple construction dominated the medieval construction because of it is simply constructed, strong and flexible. Time background and characteristics of renaissance architecture The renaissance architecture appeared from the 15th century Florence, Italy, and then it spread to other European countries like France, Germany, England, Russia and elsewhere quickly, and formed regional renaissance architecture styles. At the end of the 14th century, the bud of capitalism in Europe. With its development, people in that era changed their attitude and requirement of art. Renaissance is a Political and cultural movement, which aim to bury the darkness rule of religious class in medieval in Europe. The newly emergent bourgeoisie against feudal aristocracy, and at the same time, they also fight with religious forces. In their mind, the though the medieval culture as historical regression, they describe the era as dark and barbarous time. Classic Greece and Rome culture was highly praised as luciferous and well- developed culture. From then on, the whole Europe went into the renaissance. In brief, we can find that, both the gothic and renaissance architecture, the style of architecture changed and fit the rulers taste, as a result, influence on the architecture style of that age. Because of the change of ruler, lots of commercial buildings like town halls, theaters, palaces and domestic buildings all built in renaissance style, not only the religious churches. St. Peters Basilica St Peters basilica can be though as one of the most outstanding religious renaissance buildings. St. Peters Basilica is located within the Vatican City. St. Peters Basilica can hold 60,000 people inside of it, been considered as the church with the largest interior of any Christian church in the world. It has a very high status of Christian churches, and it is regarded as one of the holiest Christian sites. The St. Peters basilica was described as holding a unique position in the Christian world(Lees-milne. J, 1967, p. 12.) and as the greatest of all churches of Christendom by Fletcher (FLETCHER .B, 1996, p. 719). It is the most prominent building inside the Vatican City. Its dome is an outstanding symbolic feature of the Rome skyline. It covers 2.3 hectares with a capacity of over 60,000 people. Characteristics of St Peters basilica Gothic architecture emphasizes its verticality. But renaissance architects paid lots of attention on symmetry, proportion and geometry of buildings. The faà §ade is 114.69 meters wide and 45.55 meters high .Not as the Amiens cathedral using pointed arch, spires and lots of narrow long windows to increase the visual verticality feeling, the St Peters basilica been put emphasis on its horizontality, symmetrical around its vertical axis. Its faà §ades is surmounted by a pediment and organized by a system of pilasters, arches and entablatures (www.Wikipedia.com). The columns and windows show a progression towards the center. You can also find fancy sculptures of gods at the top of the basilica. Compare to Amiens cathedrals intricate decoration, colourful west entrance and a good many sculptures on the surface of the cathedral, the St Peters basilicas appearance seems more maestoso and laconic. Material As the same reason as the architect of Amiens cathedral, the architect chose to use massive white travertine stone as the building material for the sake of highlight the solemn and saintly of the basilica. For gothic architectures, stones and glasses are the only used materials. For the St Peters basilica, brick masonry is used for the domes as well. Some other renaissance churches, timber and brick are also be used for domes. The St Peters Basilica took almost 120 years to finish. Lots of architects and artists worked together to join the design of the basilica, and made great contribution. So we can say that, the St Peters basilica is an aggregation of greatest renaissance architects and artists brightness. Donato Bramante was the first architect start the rebuilt of the St Peters basilica. Photo 11 is the plan that Bramante designed, which followed the renaissance thought, applying an enormous Greek cross with a dome in the middle, inspired by that of the huge circular Roman temple, the Pantheon. But he did not blindly follow the classic style. Bramante employed four large piers to support the basilica. Latter Bramante was replaced with Giuliano da Sangallo, Fra Giocondo and Raphael. The concept of the 4 piers remained unchanged. In Raphaels design, he added a row of complex apsidal chapels off the aisles on either side. He also reduced the size of towers to define the squareness of the exterior walls. And the semi-circular apses more clearly defined by encircling each with an ambulatory (Wikipedia). It cannot deny that Michelangelo made greatest contribution to the design of the basilica. The building remained now was built base on his design, although in his design he reconsidered the obvious plans and made some improvements. Michelangelo replaced every corner of the Raphaels plan with small vestries to blur the definition of the geometry. Columns and pilasters are the most obvious element of renaissance architecture, they are also an embodiment of the renaissance though, which is the classic columns and pilasters presents the harmony and senses of ancient Greece though. The whole series of columns and pilasters were continued to use by renaissance architecture. People tried to understand ancient Greeks understand of human body. So the base of the column was regarded as humans foot, the main body as the body, and the capital as humans head. A giant order of pilasters set at slightly different angles to each other was employed on the surface of the exterior walls of St Peters basilica. They do not like columns have supportive function, they are purely decoration purpose. Columns were used inside of the building. As introduced the basilica is supported by 4 piers, the columns take the role of decoration in this case. Semi- circular arch, which was shunned by gothic architecture represent its value on renaissance architecture. They are used in arcades, supported on piers or columns with capitals. In my point of view, the pointed arch in Amiens cathedral gives a mysterious impression, but on the other hand, the renaissance semi-circular arch accidently gives people a shock of god. And the vaults without ribs continue follow the semi-circular or segmental shape. All the vaults are on a square plan, unlike the vault of Amiens cathedral, which is rectangular. The dome of St Peters basilica is the tallest point of the Vatican City. The basilica becomes the landmark of the Vatican city of the day, the conspicuous dome made the most significant contribution to this result. Qua the tallest one among all renaissance domes, the domes height is as tall as 136.57 meters, accounting from the floor to the silver cross on the top of the dome. Its internal diameter, slightly smaller than Pantheon of Ancient Rome and Florence Cathedral, is 41.47 meters. I thing Michelangelo Buonarrotis dome is another engineering success after the Florence cathedral. The dome is constructed similar as the dome of Florence cathedral, which has two shells, but the St Peters outer shell has 16 strong stone ribs, as twice of the Florence cathedral. The 16 pairs of 15 meters height columns visually buttress each of the ribs, but actually they are redundant in structure of the dome. There are some openings along bottom edge of the dome, which subdued light up the elegant painting inside of the dome. Openings on the top of dome let bright sunlight goes straight into the interior of the basilica, light up the interior room naturally. Furthermore, the strong sunlight contrasts with the shading space, creating a saintly feeling. As the same as mostly gothic architecture, the ceiling of Amiens cathedral is left open. The interior aesthetics rely on light and shade contrast by the effect of colourful windows. The St Peters basilica is comprehensive decorated. Roofs are fitted with coffered ceilings, which are painted. Not only the ceiling, but also inside of domes are painted by famous renaissance artists. Fancy sculptures can be seen on every surface of piers, including some Michelangelos masterworks. Conclusion After all, the thought of the society limited the architecture style of the day. So gothic architecture and renaissance architecture were both influenced by the particular politic, economy, culture and art of the time. After all, all architecture styles centered around the rulers taste, and then influenced all the building style of that era. From here we see that architecture, as the symbol of the age, also can presents the characteristics of the society. Therefore, in order to satisfied the need of new social, political and culture, architecture form changing along with the time. On the other hand, the development of engineering techniques and material gave a solid support for the development of new architecture. Bibliography Banister FLETCHER, A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method, June 1975 John HARVEY, The Gothic World, 1100-1600: A Survey of Architecture and Art, 1950 Amiens Cathedral, from Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral, modified on 24 December 2009 Amiens cathedral, http://baike.baidu.com/view/426548.htm, modified on 27 December 2009 John BUCHAN, Mr Standfast. London: Penguin Books, 1960 Huihua HUANG, the difference characteristics between gothic architecture and renaissance architecture, 2004 Wim SWAAN, The Gothic Cathedral,1985 Flying buttress, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_buttress, 2009 Richard TANSEV , Fred S. KLEINER, Horst De LA CROIX, Gardners Art Through the Ages, 1995, http://www.tudorhistory.org/glossaries/f/flying_buttress.html Stan PARRY, the key elements of gothic architecture , http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Arts/Architec/MiddleAgesArchitectural/GothicArchitecture/KeyElementsGothicArchitecture/KeyElementsGothicArchitecture.htm Claims made that the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro in Africa is larger appear to be spurious, as the measurements include a rectorate, a villa and probably the forecourt. Its capacity is 18,000 people against St. Peters 60,000. Its dome, based on that of St. Peters, is lower but carries a taller cross, and thus claims to be the tallest domed church. James Lees-Milne describes St Peters Basilica as a church with a unique position in the Christian world in Lees-Milne 1967, p. 12. Banister FLETCHER, the renowned architectural historian calls it The greatest of all churches of Christendom in Fletcher 1996, p. 719. Wikipedia, Renaissance architecture, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture,2009 Wikipedia, St. Peters Basilica,2009